Top: +R, R, K (reigning), K (challenging), B, +B. The abbreviations are used for game notation and often to refer to the pieces in speech in Japanese.Ĭloseup of shogi pieces. Six of them can promote and change its move.įollowing is a table of the pieces with their Japanese representations and English equivalents. Although Great Britain held several… Plymouth Colony, PLYMOUTH COLONY (or Plantation), the second permanent English settlement in North America, was founded in 1620 by settlers including a group of relig… New Spain, The viceroyalty of New Spain included all of the territory claimed by Spain in North America and the Caribbean from the conquest of the Aztec Empire… New England Confederation, The confederation's main purpose was mutual defense.This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia ( view authors). It was released in February 2005 as the second single from the album, Chuck. Rather than actual gold an… The Thirteen Colonies, The Thirteen Colonies were British colonies in North America founded between 1607 (Virginia) and 1732 (Georgia). 'Pieces' is the title of a song recorded by Canadian punk rock band Sum 41. Nations established colonies as outposts to promote their interests in their expanding empires. See also Currency and Coinage Doubloon Money Proclamation Money Spanish and Spanish American Influence. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1978. Money and Exchange in Europe and America, 1600–1775. The Currency of the American Colonies, 1700– 1764: A Study in Colonial Finance and Imperial Relations. The Coinage Act of 1792 made the dollar the new nation's official currency and fixed it at approximately the same weight of silver as the Spanish peso.īrock, Leslie V. In 1728, Spain began coinage of the milled dollar to replace the piece of eight. Subsidiary coins-four reals (half dollar, four bits) and two reals (quarter dollar, two bits)-were also minted. Also known as pesos and Spanish dollars, they were minted in enormous quantities and soon became recognized as a reliable medium of exchange in the European colonies of North America. PIECES OF EIGHT, Spanish silver coins of eight reals (eight bits), first authorized in 1497. It was not stabilized until after 1785 when Congress established the dollar as the official currency of the new United States. The monetary situation on the North American mainland remained tenuous even after the American Revolution (1775 –1783). Coinage scarce, most colonists conducted trade as barter, exchanging goods and services for the same. There were frequent money shortages in the colonies, which usually ran a trade deficit with Europe: the colonies supplied raw goods to Europe, but finished goods, including manufactured items were mostly imported, resulting in an imbalance of trade. The issue of coinage by colonists was strictly prohibited by England, but the Puritans of Massachusetts continued to make their own coins for some thirty years thereafter, stamping the year 1652 on them as a way to circumvent the law. In 1652 the Massachusetts Bay Company became the first colony to mint its own coins, since because of the English Civil War there was no monarch on the throne of England. Two pieces, or "two bits," of the silver coin made up a quarter, which is why Americans still may refer to a quarter (of a dollar) as two bits. To make change, the coin was cut up to resemble pieces of a pie. The Spanish silver coin was so named because it was worth eight reals and at one time had an eight stamped on it. Pieces of eight (from Spain), reals (from Spain and Portugal), and shillings (from England) were in circulation the pieces of eight were most common. Colonists used whatever foreign currency they could get their hands on. England forbade its American colonies to issue money. Since the settlements in the New World were all possessions of their mother countries ( England, Spain, France, Portugal, and the Netherlands), they did not have monetary systems of their own. Pieces of eight were Spanish silver coins (pesos) that circulated along with other hard currency in the American colonies.
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